Jumat, 12 Mei 2017

English Course 1 | What is a Computer ?





UNIT 1
WHAT IS A COMPUTER
A.     BRAINSTORMING
Mention words related to computer!
B.      READING
B.1. Pre reading:
1.      Could you define a computer?
Your definition: In my opinion, a computer is …………………………………………………………….
2.      Could you mention the main job of a computer?
Your answer: As far as I know, the main job of a computer is …………………………………….
B.2. Read the following passage!
WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
            A computer is a machine with an intricate network of electronic circuits that operate switches or magnetize tiny metal cores. The switches, like the cores are capable of being in one of two possible states that is on or off, magnetized or demagnetized. The machine is capable of storing and manipulating numbers letters and characters. The basic idea of a computer is that we can take the machine do what we want by inputting signals that turn certain switches on and turn the others off, or that magnetize or do not magnetize the cores.
            The basic job of computers is the processing of information. For this reason computers can be defined as devices which accept information in the form of instructions called a program and characters called data perform mathematical and/or logical operations on the information, and then supply results of these operations. The program, or part of its which tells the computers what to do and the data, which provide the information needed to solve the problem are kept inside the computer in a place called memory.

C.      COMPREHENSION
 Understanding the passage
Activity 1
Decide whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F) by referring to the information in the text. Then make the necessary changes so that the false statements become true.
a.      A computer needs electricity in order to work. (….)
b.      The components of a computer are complicated. (….)
c.       A switch, at any point of time, may be both magnetized and demagnetized. (….)
d.      A computer performs jobs as we ask to. (….)
e.      A program is a problem that the computer should solve. (….)
f.        A program may consists of a set of instructions. (….)
g.      Computer programs are kept in the memory. (….)
h.      A computer can solve problems by itself even when no one asks it to do the operations. (….)
i.        Operating a computer is easy. (….)
j.        Memory is the most important part of a computer. (….)

Activity2
Answer the following questions in your own words!
a.      How do you define computers?
b.      What is a computer capable of?
c.       How can we ask a computer to do what we want?
d.      What does a program do?
e.       What for is the part of a computer called memory?

D.     VOCABULARY
Guess the meaning of the following words from the context.
Intricate          : ………                          character        : ……..               memory          : ……
Circuit             : ………                          inputting          : ……..               supply              : …..
Switch              : ………                          signal               : ……..               demagnetized : …..
Core                : ………                          device              : ……..               operation        : ……
State                : ………                          program          : ……..

E.      FOCUS
CONTEXTUAL REFERENCE
Transitional markers are words used to link ideas together so that the text is smoother to read. When pronouns such as: it, they, them, I, he, she, which, who, whose, that, such, one and demonstrative adjectives such as: this, that, these, and those, are used as transitional markers, they refer to a word, or words, mentioned earlier in the sentence or paragraph. Their function is to take your thoughts back to something that has already been mentioned. Thus they serve as synonyms or substitutes. Other words which are often used to refer backwards are the former, the latter, the first, second, the last.
To have a better understanding, look at the word “that” in the following sentence:
1.      A computer is a machine with an intricate network of electronic circuits that operate switches or magnetize tiny metal cores.
      “That” in this sentence substitutes or refers to the word “circuits”.
2.      A computer, like any other machine, is used because it does certain jobs better and more efficiently than human.
”It” in this sentence substitutes or refers to the word “computer”.

EXERCISE
Find the references in the following passage.
Computers are electronic machine that process information. They are capable of communicating with the user, of doing different kinds of arithmetic operations and of making three kinds of decisions. However, they are incapable of thinking. They accept data and instructions as input, and after processing it they output the results.
            When talking about computers, both hardware and software need to be considered. The former refers to the actual machinery, whereas the latter refers to the programs which control and coordinate the activities of the hardware while processing the data.
            The first computer was built in 1930 but since then computer technology has evolved a great deal. There are three different kinds of computers in use today: the mainframe, the minicomputer, and the microcomputer. These all have one thing in common: they operate quickly and accurately in solving problems.


F.      SPEAKING: GETTING STARTED
Pair work: Use the questionnaire below to interview each other! Write your partner’s answers, then tell the class one interesting thing about your partner.

QUESTIONNARE
YOUR NAME                                                  
1.      What’s your name?                                 
2.      What does your name mean?                      
3.      Do you like your name?                                
HOME AND FAMILY                                       
1.      Where do you live?                                  
2.      Do you live alone or with your family?   
3.      Do you have any brothers or sisters?
4.      How many brothers and sisters do you have?
5.      Where are your parents from?
LIFESTYLE
1.      Are you a full-time student?
If yes: What’s your major?
If no: What do you do for living?
2.      How do you get to work or class?
3.      How long does it take?
FRIENDS
1.      Do you have a lot of friends?
2.      What are your friends like?
3.      Do you and your friends get together a lot?
4.      What do you do when you get together?
UNIT 2
THE BASIC CAPABILITIES OF COMPUTERS
A.     PRE READING
Can you think of some main capabilities of a computer?
Your answer: As far as I know, the main capabilities of a computer are:
a.      ………………………………………………………………………………………………
b.      ………………………………………………………………………………………………
c.       ………………………………………………………………………………………………   
B.      READING
Read the following passage!
THE BASIC CAPABILITIES OF COMPUTERS
      Computers are considered to have many remarkable powers. However, most computers, whether large or small, have three basic capabilities. First, computers have circuits for performing arithmetic operations, such as addition, subtraction, division, multiplication, and exponentiation. Second, computers have a means of communicating with the user. Certain computers (commonly minicomputers and microcomputers) are used to control directly things such as robots, aircraft navigation systems, medical instruments, etc.
      Decades ago, the most common methods of inputting information are to use punched cards, magnetic tapes, disks, and terminals. The computer’s input device (which might be a card reader, a tape drive or disk drives, depending on the medium used in inputting information) reads the information into the computer.
      For outputting information, two common devices used are a printer which prints the new information on paper, or a CRT display screen which shows the result on a TV-like screen.
      Third computers have circuits which can make decisions. The kinds of decisions which computer circuits can make are not of the type: “Who would win a war between two countries?” or “Who is the richest person in the world?”. Unfortunately, the computer can only decide the things, namely: Is one number less than another? Are two numbers equal? Or Is one number greater than another?.
      A computer can solve a series of problems and make hundreds, even thousands, of logical decisions without becoming tired or bored. It can find the solution to a problem in a fraction of the time it takes a human being to do the job. A computer can replace people in dull, routine tasks, but it has no originality; it works according to the instructions given to it and cannot exercise any value judgments. There are times when a computer seems to operate like a mechanical brain, but its achievements are limited by the minds of human beings. A computer cannot do anything unless a person tells it what to do and gives it the appropriate information; but because electric pulses can move at the speed of lights a computer can carry out vast numbers of arithmetic-logical operations almost instantaneously. A person can do everything a computer can do, but in many cases that person would be dead ling before the job was finished.

C.      COMPREHENSION
Activity 1
Answer the following questions in your own words!
1.      What are the three basic capabilities of computers?
2.      What are the capabilities of computers which are closely related to computations?
3.      What are the ways of inputting information into the computer?
4.      What are the instruments which read information into the computer?
5.      What are the devices used for outputting information from the computer?
6.      What is the device which is similar to a television?
7.      What does a printer do?
8.      Can computers make decision?
9.      What kind of decision can computers make?
10.  How do you describe the speed of computers in solving problems?
11.  Do computers operate by themselves? Explain.
12.  How creative is a computer?
13.  Can a person perform any job that a computer can?
14.  Who or which is cleverer, a man or a computer? Why?
15.  In performing tasks, who or which is faster, a man or a computer?
Activity 2
Write T when the following statements are true according to the text, or F when they are false or NS when they are not stated or cannot be inferred from the text.
1.      Computers have very limited capabilities. (…)
2.      We can see the results of the computer operations on the CRT display screen. (…)
3.      Computers are useful in transportation and medical world. (…)
4.      A computer can predict things such as who will lose in a fight between two boxers. (…)
5.      Computers get exhausted when they solve a lot of problems. (…)
6.      Computers save much of men’s time. (…)
7.      A computer needs the presence of a man in order to operate. (…)
8.      A computer cannot provide the results of computations at once. (…)

D.     VOCABULARY
Could you guess the meanings of the following words from context?
Power                    : ……                  Disc drive                     : ……
Punched card        : …..                 Printer                         : ……
Magnetic tape       : ……                 CRT display screen      : ……    
Disk                       : ……                 Exercise                       : ……
Terminal               : …….                To operate                  : ……
Tape drive             : ……                 Remarkable power     : …….

E.      FOCUS
ORGANIZING INFORMATION
A paragraph is a group of related sentences that develop an idea. In nearly every paragraph, there is one idea that is more important than all the others. This idea is called the main idea of the paragraph and is usually found at the beginning of the paragraph.
Sample paragraph 1:
All computers, whether large or small, have the same basic capabilities. They have circuits for performing arithmetic operations. They all have a way of communicating with the person(s) using them. They also have circuits for making decisions.
In sample paragraph 1, the first sentence, “All computers, whether large or small, have the same basic capabilities”, expresses the main idea of the paragraph.
All main idea sentences have a topic and say something about the topic.
Example:
All computers, [topic] whether large or small, have the same basic capabilities, [about the topic]
In some of your reading, finding main ideas may serve your needs but in much of your studying you need to grasp details. It is sometimes more difficult to grasp and understand details than main ideas. You will find it helpful if you think of details as growing out of the main idea. In sample paragraph 1, there are three major detail growing out of the main idea. These are the major details:
1.      They have circuits for performing arithmetic operations.
2.      They all have a way of communicating with the person(s) using them.
3.      They also have circuits for making decisions.
A major detail often has minor details growing out of it. These minor details tell more about a major detail, just as major details tell more about a main idea. In studying, you often find a paragraph that has many small details that you must grasp and remember. Breaking up a paragraph of this kind into its three components: the main idea, major details, and minor details will help you to understand and remember what it is about.
Sample paragraph 2:
All computers have several characteristic in common, regardless make or design. Information, in the form of instruction and data, is given to the machine, after which the machine acts on it, and a result is then returned. The information presented to the machine is the input; the internal manipulative operations, the processing; and the result, the output. These three basic concepts of input, processing, and output occur in almost every aspect of human life whether at work or at play.
Main idea: All computers have several characteristic in common, regardless make or design.
Major idea: Information, in the form of instruction and data, is given to the machine, after which the machine acts on it, and a result is then returned.
Minor idea:
(i)                  The information presented to the machine is the input; the internal manipulative operations, the processing; and the result, the output.
(ii)                 These three basic concepts of input, processing, and output occur in almost every aspect of human life whether at work or at play.
EXERCISE
Identify the main idea, major details and minor details of these two following paragraph!
Paragraph 1
Computers are machine designed to process, electronically, specially prepared pieces of information which are termed data. Handling or manipulating the information that has been given to the computer which are termed data. Handling or manipulating the information that has been given to the computer, in such ways as doing calculations, adding information or making comparison is called processing. Computers are made up of millions of electronic devices capable of storing data or moving them, at enormous speeds, through complex circuits with different functions.
Paragraph 2
Computers have often been thought of as extremely large adding machines, but this is a very narrow view of their function. Although a computer can only respond to a certain number of instructions, it is not a single-purpose machine since these instructions can be combined in an infinite number of sequences. Therefore, a computer has no known limit on the kind of things it can do; its versatility is limited only by the imagination of those using it.

F.      SPEAKING
CONVERSATION STRATEGY: CHECKING INFORMATION
A.      What are the best ways to check information? Choose two responses!
      A: Excuse me, is there a mall around here?
       A. Huh?                       b. A mall?                    c. Did you say a mall?
B.      Match the questions with the checking responses. Then practice with a partner. Give your own answers!
1.      Could you give me directions to               a. Did you say Indian or Indonesia?
the airport?
2.      Is there an Indonesian restaurant            b. I’m sorry? Did you say a
near here?                                                     bookstore?  
3.      Do you have a number for a cab              c. Sorry, what did you say?
company?                                                      The airport?
4.      Is there a bookstore around                     d. Excuse me? Did you say cab?
here?
5.      Are there any good concerts this             e. Concerts, did you say?
week? 

C.      Asks your friend any questions. Use the ideas above.

















UNIT 3
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
A.     PRE READING
Before reading the passage, answer the following questions!
1.      Could you mention some of the scientists who developed computers?
2.      What inventions have made the development of computer technology very fast?
B.      READING
Read this passage!
HISTORY OF COMPUTER
      The first digital computer, Mark I, was completed in 1944. The men responsible for this invention were Professor Howard Aiken and some people from IBM. This was the first machine that could figure out long lists of mathematical problems, all at a very fast rate. In 1946 two engineers at the University of Pennsylvania, J. Eckert and J. Maunchlu, built the first digital computer using parts called vacuum tubes. They named their new invention ENAC. Another important advancement in computers came in 1947, when John von Newmann developed the idea of keeping instructions for the computer inside the computer’s memory.
      The first generation of computers, which used vacuum tubes, came out in 1950. Univac I is an example of these computers which could perform thousands of calculations per second. In 1960, the second generation of computers was developed and these could perform work ten times faster than their predecessors. The reason for this extra speed was the use of transistors instead of vacuum tubes. Second-generation computers were smaller, faster and more dependable than first generation computers.
      The third-generation computers appeared on the market in 1965. These computers could do a million calculations a second, which is 1000 times as many as first generation computers. Unlike second generation computers, these are controlled by tiny integrated circuits and are consequently smaller and more dependable. Fourth-generation computers have now arrived, and integrated circuits that are being developed have been greatly reduced in size. This is due to micro miniaturization, which means that the circuits are much smaller than before; as many as 1000 tiny circuits now fit onto a single chip. A chip is a square or rectangular piece of silicon, usually from 1/10 to ¼ inch, upon which several layers of an integrated circuit are etched or imprinted, after which the circuit is encapsulated in plastic, ceramic, or metal. Fourth-generation computers are 50 times faster than third-generation computers and can complete approximately 1,000,000 instructions per second.

C.      COMPREHENSION
Activity 1
Answer the following questions in your own words!
1.      Who invented the first digital computer?
2.      What is the capability of the first digital computer?
3.      What is the main difference between Mark I and ENIAC?
4.      What is the contribution of John von Newman to the development of computer?
5.      What do you know about Univac I?
6.      What are the differences between the first and second-generation of computers?
7.      What are the differences between the second and third-generation of computers?
8.      What have made the size of computers smaller and smaller from generation to generation?
9.      How fast is the development of computer technology or transport technology?
10.  Which is faster, the development of computer technology or transport technology?
Activity 2
Write T when the following statements are true according to the text or F when they are false or NS when they are not stated or cannot be inferred from the text.
1.      Mark I was the first digital computer and was built in 1944. (…)
2.      The inventions of Mark I were Americans. (…)
3.      The primary difference between Mark I and ENIAC is that the latter used parts called vacuum tubes. (…)
4.      ENIAC could perform computations as fast as the first generations of computers. (…)
5.      Some parts of Univac I used transistors. (…)
6.      The second-generation of computers compared with Univac I per second. (…)
7.      The use of transistors in the second generation of computers made the computers work faster. (…)
8.      The computers of the second generation are less reliable than the first-generation of computers. (…)
9.      People could buy the third-generation of computers for the first time in 1965. (…)
10.  The third generation of computers was smaller in size than the second-generation. (…)
11.  The third-generation of computers was more expensive than the second-generation. (…)
12.  A chip might be an intricate part of a computer. (…)
13.  After building fourth-generation computers, scientists stop developing computer technology. (…)
14.  The development of computer technology has been fairly slow. (…)
15.  Today, people can travel across the Atlantic ocean in a few seconds. (…)

D.     VOCABULARY
Digital computer   : ……                             Transistors                  : ……
IBM                       : …..                             Integrated circuits      : …...
Figure out              : …..                             Chip                             : ……
Vacuum tubes       : …..                             Encapsulated               : …..
Advancement        : …..
                             
E.      FOCUS
Word formation – Suffixes
An English word can be divided into three parts: a prefix, a stem and a suffix. A suffix is what is attached to the end of the stem. For example: the suffix –er (meaning “someone who”) in programmer means the person who programs.
Prefix usually changes the meaning of the word; for example, un- changes a word to the negative. Unmagnetizable means “not capable of being magnetized”. Suffix, on the other hand, change the word from one part of speech to another.  For example, -ly added to the adjective quick gives the adverb quickly.
Let us now consider some suffixes and their usual meanings.
SUFFIXES
NOUNS                 VERBS                         ADJECTIVES                            ADVERBS
-ance                     -ize                              -able                                        -ly
-ence                     -ate                              -ible
-or                         -fy                                -less
-er                         -en                               -ic
-ist                                                             -ical
-ness                                                          -ish
                                                                  -ive
                                                                  -full
                                                                  -ing, -ed
                                                                  -ous    

Exercise
Read the following sentences and underline all the suffixes. Then try to find out what parts of speech the words are.
1.      The system analyst provides the programmer with the details of the data processing problems.
2.      CRT terminals are very useful interactive devices for use in offices because of their speed and quietness.
3.      The new microcomputer we purchased does not have a Fortran compiler. It is programmable in basic only.
4.      A computer is a machine with an intricate network of electronic circuits that operate switches or magnetize tiny metal cores.
5.      In very large and modern installations, the computer operator sits in front of a screen that shows an up-to-date summary of the computer jobs as they are being processed.
6.      The introduction of terminals and screens has partly replaced the use of punched cards.
7.      Binary arithmetic is based on two digits: 0 and 1.
8.      Multiplexing is when many electrical signals are combined and carried on only one optical link.
9.      Computers are machines designed to process electronically specially prepared pieces of information.
10.  The computed results were printed in tables.

F.      SPEAKING
Strategy plus: “Echo” questions
In an “echo” question, you repeat something you heard, and you add a question word to check information you didn’t hear. Here are some examples:
A: “The video arcade is on beach Street.”
B: “I’m sorry, it’s where?”

A: “It opens at 10.00.”
B: “Excuse me? It opens at what time?”

Exercise
Complete the conversation below with “echo” questions. Use the provided question words. Then practice with a partner.
how far     how much       what    what kind        what time        where
1.      A: There are lots of street performers in the city right now.
B: I’m sorry, there are a lot of ….…….?
2.      A: There’s a miniature golf course about 15 minutes away.
B: Excuse me, it’s ………..?
3.      A: the best outdoor pool around here is at Ocean Beach.
B: I’m sorry, it’s ……………?
4.      A: There are great gift shops in this neighborhood.
B: I’m sorry, there are …………….. of shops?
5.      A: The movie theater opens at 10:15 a.m.
B: Excuse me, it opens at ………………….?
6.      A: Rides in the amusement park cost $5.
B: They cost ……………………….?









UNIT 4
COMPUTER CHARACTERISTICS

A.     PRE READING
Could you mention the characteristics of computers?
Your answer: As far as I am concerned, the characteristics of computers are as follow: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
B.      READING
Read the passage!
COMPUTER CHARACTERISTICS
            Computers are electronic machines designed to process specifically prepared pieces of information which are termed data. Handling or manipulating the information that has been given to the computer, in such ways as doing calculations, adding information or making comparisons is called processing. Computers are made up of millions of electronic devices capable of storing data or moving them, at enormous speeds, through complex circuits with different functions.
            All computers have several characteristics in common, regardless make or design. Information, in the form of instructions and data, is given to the machine, after which the machines acts on it, and a result is then returned. The information presented to the machine is the input; the internal manipulative operations, the processing; and the result, the output. These three basic concepts of input, processing, and output occur in almost every aspect of human life whether at work or at play.
            For example, in clothing manufacturing, the input is the pieces of cut cloth, the processing is the sewing together of these pieces, and the output is the finished garment.
            In the fundamental hardware components in a computer system, the centerpiece is called either the computer, the processor, or, usually, the central processing unit (CPU). The term computer includes those parts of hardware in which calculation and other data manipulations are performed, and the high-speed internal memory in which data and calculations are stored during actual execution of programs. Attached to the CPU are the various peripheral devices such as card readers and keyboards (two common examples of input devices). When data or programs need to be saved for long periods of time, they are stored on various secondary memory devices or storage devices such as magnetic tapes or magnetic disks.
            Computers have often been thought of as extremely large adding machines, but this is a very narrow view of their function. Although a computer can only respond to a certain number of instructions, it is not a single-purpose machine since these instructions can be combined in an infinite number of sequences. Therefore, a computer has no known limit on the kinds of things it can do; its versatility is limited only by the imagination of those who use it.
            In the late 1950s and early 1960s when electronic computers of the kind in use today were being developed, they were very expensive to own and run. Moreover, their size and reliability were such that a large number of support personnel were needed to keep the equipment operating. This has all changed now that computing power has become portable, more compact, and cheaper.
            In only a very short period of time, computers have greatly changed the way in which many kinds of work are performed. Computers can remove many of the routine and boring tasks from our lives, thereby leaving us with more time for interesting and creative work. It goes without saying that computers have created whole new areas that did not exist before their development.

C.      COMPREHENSION
Activity 1
Answer the following questions in your own words.
1.      What is processing?
2.      What characteristics do computers of different types share?
3.      What are the main hardware components of a computer?
4.      That computers are very large adding machines is a very narrow view of computers. Why?
5.      What are the differences between computers in 1950s and 1960s from today’s computers in price, size, and dependability?
6.      What changes have computers made in our life?
Activity 2
True (T), False (F), or Not Stated (NS) ?
1.      Since computers made up of millions of complex electronic devices, they process data fairly slowly. (…)
2.      Computers have similarities in spite of different make or design. (…)
3.      The three features of input, processing and output can be found in every area of human life. (…)
4.      Output is given after the computer works on the data given to it. (…)
5.      Processor is different from central processing unit. (…)
6.      During actual execution of programs, data and calculation are stored in the internal memory. (…)
7.      Magnetic tapes or magnetic disks are for processing data and programs for a long time. (…)
8.      Computers can do different jobs. (…)
9.      The kind of jobs that computers can perform very much depends on the creativity of their user. (…)
10.  The combinations of instructions in computers are limited in number. (…)
11.  Computers used to be very expensive. (…)
12.  Computers used to be heavier. (…)
13.  Computers are now less reliable. (…)
14.  Computers are capable of doing men’s routine and boring jobs. (…)
15.  With the presence of computers men have more time for fun. (…)

D.     VOCABULARY
Termed           : ……………..                  Processor        : ………………….
Enormous        : ……………..                  CPU                 : ………………….
Processing       : ……………..                  Hardware        : ………………….
Input                : ……………..                  Keyboard         : …………………
Output             : ……………..                  Versatility        : ………………….

E.      FOCUS
WORD FORMATION: PREFIXES
Negatives &                Size                  Location         Time & Order Number
Positives
Un-                              semi-               inter-               pre-                 mono-
Non-                            mini-                super-              ante-                bi-
In-                                micro-             trans-               fore-                hex-
Dis-                                                      ex-                   post-                multi-
Re-                                                       extra-                         

Activity 1
Study the following examples and try to find additional examples. Work with your friends and use y    our dictionary if necessary.
a.      Negative prefixes
Prefixes                 Meaning                                 Example
il-                           not                                           illegal
ir-                                                                          irresponsible
mis-                       bad, wrong                              misspell          
dis-                         opposite feeling/action          discomfort                  
de-                         reduce, reverse                       demagnetize  
under-                   too little                                  underestimate

b.      Positive prefixes
Prefixes                 Meaning                                 Example
re-                         do again                                  restart
over-                      too much                                 overestimate

c.       Prefixes of size
Prefixes                 Meaning                                 Example
semi-                     half, partly                               semi-guided
maxi-                     big                                           maxicomputer
micro-                   small                                       microcomputer
mini-                      little                                         minicomputer
mega-                                                                    megabyte

d.      Prefixes of location
Prefixes                 Meaning                                 Example
inter-                     between, among                     international
super-                    over                                         supersonic
trans-                     across                                      transfer
ex-                         out                                           exclude
extra-                    beyond                                    extraordinary
sub-                       under                                       subordinate
peri-                      around                                     peripheral

e.      Prefixes of time and order
Prefixes                 Meaning                                 Example
ante-                      before                                     ante-meridiem
pre-                       before                                     pre-departure
prime-                   first                                          primary
post-                      after                                        postgraduate

f.        Prefixes of numbers
Prefixes                 Meaning                                 Example
semi-                     half                                          semicircle
mono-                    one                                          monochromatic
bi-                          two                                          binary
tri-                         three                                       triangle
quad-                     four                                         quadruplet
penta-                    five                                          pentagon
hex-                       six                                            hexadecimal
septem-                 seven                                       September
oct-                        eight                                        octal
dec-                       ten                                           decimal
multi                      many                                       multiprogramming

g.      Other prefixes                 
Prefixes                 Meaning                                 Example
auto-                      self                                          automatic
co-                         together                                  coordinate
neo-                       new                                         neoclassical
     
Activity 2
Read the following sentences and underline all the prefixes. Then try to find out what the prefixes mean by referring back to the tables you have just learned.
1.      Non-impact printers are inexpensive and silent.
2.      Tape-marks are unmagnetized reflective strips stuck onto the tape.
3.      The octal and the hexadecimal system are number system used as a form of shorthand in reading groups of four binary digits.
4.      The internal storage locations of a computer are called primary memory.
5.      Multiprogramming is when more than one program can be present at different storage locations of the memory at the same time.
6.      Peripheral devices can be either input devices (such as card readers) or output devices (such as printers).
7.      The decoder (a component of the control unit) takes the coded instruction and breaks it down into the individual commands necessary to carry it out.
8.      Microcomputers are becoming very important in small business applications.
9.      A tape drive transmits the electromagnetic impulses to the memory of the computer.
10.  Semiconductor materials are used in the making of transistors.
Activity 3
Underline all the prefixes in the following pasage. Then try to find out what the prefixes mean!
Computers are thought to have many extraordinary powers. However, most computers, whether large or small, have circuits for performing arithmetic operations, such as addition, subtraction, division, and multiplication. Second, computers have a means of communicating with the user. Certain computers (commonly minicomputers and microcomputers) are used to control directly things such as robots, aircraft navigation system, medical instruments and etc. However a computer is incapable of doing value judgment.

F.      SPEAKING
STRATEGY PLUS: ACTUALLY
You can use “actually” to give new or surprising information. You can also use “actually” to correct things people say or think.
A: “So, youre American?”
B: “Well, actually, I’m from Canada”.
A.      Match each conversation starter with a response. Then practice with a partner.
1.      I like your jacket                      a. Actually, I feel a bit cold.
2.      Do you come here by bus?     b. Yeah. I actually look forward to it.
3.      Is that your newspaper?         c. no, I walk, actually. It takes an hour.
4.      Do you like this class?             d. Thanks. It’s from Peru, actually.
5.      Do you live around here?       e. Um, actually, no, it’s not. Just take it.
6.      Boy, it’s warm in here.            f. yes, right around the corner, actually.
B.      Pair works. Start conversations using the ideas above. Use “actually” in your response.
“I like your watch.”   “Thanks. It is my father’s watch actually.”
UNIT 5
COMPUTER HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

A.     PRE READING
What is computer hardware?
What is computer software?
B.      READING
COMPUTER HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE
            In order to use computer effectively to solve our environment, computer systems are devised. A system implies a good mixture of integrated parts working together to form a useful whole. Computer system may be discussed in two parts.
            The first part is hardware- the physical, electronic, and electromechanical devices that are thought of and recognized as ‘computer’. The second part is software, the program that control and coordinate the activities of the computer hardware and that direct the processing of data.
            In the basic components of computer hardware, the centerpiece is called either the computer, the processor, or, usually, the central processing unit (CPU). The term computer includes those parts of hardware in which calculation and other data manipulations are performed, and the high-speed internal memory in which data and calculations are stored during actual execution of programs. The various peripherals, which include input and/or output devices, various secondary memory devices, and so on, are attached to the CPU.
            Computer software can be divided into two very broad categories; system software and application software. The former is often simply referred to as ‘system’. Then when brought into internal memory, direct the computer to perform tasks. The latter may be provided along with the hardware by a system supplier as part of a computer product designed to answer a specific need in certain areas. These complete hardware/software are called turnkey systems.
            The success or failure of any computer system depends on the skill with which the hardware and software components are selected and blended. A poorly chose system can be a monstrosity incapable of performing the tasks for which it was originally acquired.

C.      COMPREHENSION
Activity 1
1.      What is a system?
2.      What is hardware?
3.      What is software?
4.      What are the other term used to call CPU?
5.      What does the term computer usually refer to?
6.      What are attached to the CPU?
7.      What are the two very broad categories of computer software?
8.      What does direct the computer to perform tasks?
9.      What is provided along with the hardware by a system supplier as part of a computer product deigned to answer a specific need in certain areas?
10.  What does the success or the failure of any computer system depend on?

Activity 2
True (T), False (F), or Not Stated (NS)?
1.      A system may be defined as a good combination of integrated parts working together to form a useful whole. (…)
2.      Hardware refers to the programs that control and coordinate the activities of the computer hardware and that direct the processing of data. (…)
3.      Hardware is thought of and recognized as the monitor. (…)
4.      Software is the physical, electronic, and electromechanical devices of the computer. (…)
5.      The centerpiece is called either the computer, the processor, or CPU. (…)
6.      The term ‘computer’ generally refers to those parts of the hardware in which calculations and other data manipulations are performed, and thte internal memory in which data and instructions are stored during the actual execution of programs. (…)
7.      Computer software can be divided into three very broad categories. (…)
8.      System software is often referred to as system. (…)
9.      System software directs the computer to perform tasks. (…)
10.  The success or failure of any computer system depends on the skill of the user. (…)

D.     VOCABULARY
Integrated       : ………
Hardware        : ……..
Software          : ……..
Perform           : ………
Blended           : ………
Monstrosity     : ………
Turnkey system: ……..


E.      FOCUS
LISTING
It is important when reading to recognize and understanding the relationship in which sentences and groups of sentences combine to present information. This information may be linked by means of a connective word or marker.

Making a list, enumerating, and giving instructions, indicates a cataloguing of what is being said. It is important to note that most enumerations belong to clearly defined sets. The following table is a list of the markers that can be used to show the order in which things are to be said.

LISTING MARKERS:
1, 2, 3, etc.
one, two, three, etc.
first(ly), second(ly), third(ly)
in the first/second/third place
another, next, then
furthermore, afterwards, moreover
lastly, finally
to begin/start with, to conclude
first and foremost                   [mark at the beginning of a descending order]
first and most important(ly)
above all                                 [mark at the end of an ascending order]
last but not least

Exercise
Underline the listing markers!
Paragraph 1
            More and more police departments are now using sophisticated devices to help control the increasing crime rate. Some of these devices are: firstly, a computer terminal inside a police vehicle to answer an officer’s questions; secondly, a computer-controlled display unit for displaying fingerprints; and thirdly, educational systems for police officers such as terminals, enabling them to verify changes in laws, rules and regulations.
            The computer memory of many law enforcement systems contains all kinds of information. First and foremost, it has data on stolen items such as cars, license plates and property. Second, it has information on missing persons and wanted fugitives. Last but not least, it contains information on political extremist groups and their activities.
            It goes without saying that computers have certainly revolutionized police work by providing access to millions of items of information with the least possible delay and speeding up the process of apprehending suspicious-looking characters.

Paragraph 2
Computers are considered to have many remarkable powers. However, most computers, whether large or small, have three basic capabilities. First, computers have circuits for performing arithmetic operations, such as addition, subtraction, division, multiplication, and exponentiation. Second, computers have a means of communicating with the user. After all, if we could not feed information in and get results back, those machines would not be of much use. Third, computers have circuits which can make decisions. The computer can only decide three things: 1. Is one number less than another? 2. Are two numbers equal? 3. Is one number greater than another?

F.      SPEAKING
STRATEGY PLUS: SHOWING SURPRISE
Use expressions like these to show surprise in informal conversation.
            Oh!                              Gosh!
            Really?                        Oh, my gosh!
            Wow!                           You’re kidding!
            Oh, wow!                     Are you serious?
            No way!                       No!

In formal conversation, use Oh! or Really?

            A: “I don’t really need a lot of sleep.”
            B: “Are you serious? How much sleep do you need?”
            A: “About two hours a night.”
            B: “No way!”

Complete this conversation by using the expressions you have learned above!
Ivan     : “I’m so tired.”
Lia       : “………., How come?”
Ivan     : “Well, I’m working two jobs this semester, so I’m getting up at, like, 5:30 to study.”
Lia       : “…………….. ! Two jobs? ………… “
Ivan     : “Yeach. Just for a couple of months. I’m working in a supermarket after class, and then I have my regular job at the restaurant till 11:00.”
Lia       : “…….. That’s late. So what time do you go to bed?”
Ivan     : “About 1:00”
Lia       : “……….. . So, you’re only getting about four hours sleep? That’s not much”





UNIT 6
MINICOMPUTER

A.     READING
MINICOMPUTERS
Minicomputers were developed to meet for smaller and cheaper computers. People began to think of smaller computers because until the mid  1960s, digital computers were powerful, physically large and expensive. Scientists worked hard to find ways of making the computers physically smaller. Finally their dream came true. The rapid improvement in the performance of the semi conductor devices (transistors) and their incredible reduction in size, cost, and power has led to the development of the minicomputer or mini for short.
B.      GRAMMAR FOCUS
COMPARISON
·         Use comparison to compare two things to find similarities or differences.
·         This kind of comparison can be made by adding certain suffixes to the adjectives or adverbs
·         Examples:
1.      Mainframes are cheaper to operate
This comparison is made between mainframes and other types of computer systems. The mainframes are cheap and the other are expensive.
2.      Mainframes are more powerful than other types of computer systems.
·         Conclusion:
1.      What words can be used for making comparisons?
2.      How can we make comparisons?
3.      What words can be added to the word to make comparisons?
Exercise 1
1.      Mainframes are (expensive) than microcomputers.
2.      Mainframes are (easy) to program than other computer systems.
3.      A computer can work (fast) than any other devices.
4.      The result of calculation is (accurate).
5.      The new type of computer can usually work (well).
6.      The (large) computers can execute (many) instructions.
7.      Five is (great) than four.
8.      A computer is (expensive) than a typewriter.
9.      The new kind of disk can save (many) data.
10.  Arithmetic operations can be performed (quickly) by a computer.
SUPERLATIVES
·         Examples:
1.      The price of the central processor is the highest.
2.      The floppy disk is the cheapest.
·         Conclusion:
……………………..
……………………..

C.      SPEAKING
STRATEGY PLUS: I MEAN
Use I mean to correct yourself when you say the wrong word or name.
Complete the questions by correcting the underlined words!
1.      Did you read a lot of cartoons, I mean, ……………….?
2.      Did you have a motorbike, I mean, a …………………………..?
3.      How often did you visit your parents, I mean, your …………………..?
4.      Did you go skiing in the winter, I mean, …………………..?
5.      Were you afraid of cats, I mean, …………………………..?
6.      Did you have an imaginary classmate, I mean, ………………………….?
7.      Did you collect animals, I mean, ……………………………..?
8.      Were you good at playing chess, I mean, …………………..?






































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